Antiviral efficacy and mechanisms of action of oregano essential oil and its primary component carvacrol against murine norovirus
- PMID: 24779581
- DOI: 10.1111/jam.12453
Abstract
Aims: To investigate the antiviral efficacy of oregano oil and its primary active component, carvacrol, against the nonenveloped murine norovirus (MNV), a human norovirus surrogate.
Methods and results: Along with an observed loss in cell culture infectivity, the antiviral mechanisms of action were determined in side-by-side experiments including a cell-binding assay, an RNase I protection assay and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Both antimicrobials produced statistically significant reductions (P ≤ 0·05) in virus infectivity within 15 min of exposure (c. 1·0-log10). Despite this, the MNV infectivity remained stable with increasing time exposure to oregano oil (1·07-log10 after 24 h), while carvacrol was far more effective, producing up to 3·87-log10 reductions within 1 h. Based on the RNase I protection assay, both antimicrobials appeared to act directly upon the virus capsid and subsequently the RNA. Under TEM, the capsids enlarged from ≤35 nm in diameter to up to 75 nm following treatment with oregano oil and up to 800 nm with carvacrol; with greater expansion, capsid disintegration could be observed. Virus adsorption to host cells did not appear to be affected by either antimicrobial.
Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that carvacrol is effective in inactivating MNV within 1 h of exposure by acting directly on the viral capsid and subsequently the RNA.
Significance and impact of the study: This study provides novel findings on the antiviral properties of oregano oil and carvacrol against MNV and demonstrates the potential of carvacrol as a natural food and surface (fomite) sanitizer to control human norovirus.
Keywords: human norovirus; mechanism of action; nonenveloped viruses; plant antimicrobials; sanitizer.
© 2014 The Society for Applied Microbiology.
A milliliter is a very small amount of liquid.
Here is a milliliter of milk in a teaspoon.
It only fills the bottom of the teaspoon!
https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/complement
The classical pathway is primarily activated by the binding of C1 to antigen-antibody complexes containing the immunoglobulins IgM or IgG. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classical pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2, and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B and D and properdin. Both pathways result in cleavage of C5 and formation of the membrane attack complex, which in its final state creates a pore in the cell wall and causes cell lysis. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case-letter suffixes, e.g., C3a.
membrane attack complex
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If vaccines are effective because they are able to take a very small amount of a pathogen, introduce it into your body, and let your body slowly develop its own resistance to the virus over time (and not overload your system to the point where you die in the process), then I couldn't help wondering if we could achieve a similar result by reducing the viral load of a virus like the one that causes COVID-19.
Censorship is REAL, people.
Antiviral and Virucidal Activities of Oreganol P73-based Spice Extracts Against Human Coronavirus In Vitro: 121 Ijaz, Z Chen, S Raja, D Suchmann, P Royt, C Ingram, J Gray, G Paolilli
"The people on the ventilators are starting to die."
oil of oregano proves effective against coronavirus
Posted by jerry wigutow on Mar 21st, 2020
Oil of Oregano Proves Effective Against Coronavirus
Tuesday, 01 December 2009 19:00By Erik Goldman, Editor - Vol. 4, No. 4. Winter, 2003
(EDITOR'S NOTE JAN 30, 2020: The following article, originally published in the Winter 2003 edition of Holistic Primary Care and posted to our site several years later, has received a lot of attention recently, owing to worldwide public concern about China's coronavirus outbreak, and the Washington Post's citation of this piece as an example of "fake news" about coronavirus.
Our article briefly described a preliminary in vitro experiment assessing the impact of carvacrol-rich oregano oil alone, or in combination with other monoterpene-rich herb oils, on the proliferation of coronavirus in human cell cultures. This pathogen was in the news back in 2003, because it was identified as the trigger for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
The investigator, M. Khalid Ijaz, DVM, PhD, concluded that oregano oil can inhibit proliferation of coronavirus and reduce viral titers. However, he states clearly--as do we in our article--that this is early stage basic research, and that we would need an actual human trial before drawing any firm conclusion about the clinical role of oregano oil for coronavirus infection.
To the best of our knowledge, this research has not yet been done.
But it should be done. Given the epidemic potential of the current coronavirus outbreak, and the fact that the efficacy of existing antiviral drugs against this strain is largely unknown, we ought to study all potential options, even if they fall outside the scope of conventional drug-based medicine. A number of preliminary in vitro or animal studies have shown that compounds in oregano oil are virustatic and virucidal against several viral pathogens. There are plausible mechanisms of action. We should not rule out oregano oil simply because it is derived from an herb.
Oil of oregano may prove to be a valuable ally against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
A recent in vitro study indicates that the essential oil of this medicinal herb can destroy human coronavirus, thought to be the pathogen responsible for SARS, and completely stop its replication within 20 minutes of exposure.
The study was conducted by Dr. M. Khalid Ijaz, of Microbiotest, an independent microbiological testing lab in Sterling, VA. Dr. Ijaz incubated human coronavirus in MRC-5 cell lines with Oreganol P73, an olive-oil preparation of wild oregano, and with Oregacillin, a combination of wild oregano, wild sage, wild cumin and wild cinnamon oils. Both products are made by Physician's Strength/North American Herb and Spice, a company that specializes in medicinal essential oils from the Mediterranean.
The oregano oil alone reduced viral titers from over 5 million particles per ml at baseline, to 167 particles per ml within 15 minutes. At 20 minutes, the titers were down to 150 particles per ml. The Oregacillin combination reduced titers from over 5 million, to 133 particles per ml in 15 minutes. Within 20 minutes, they were reduced to non-detectable levels. The investigators noted that both preparations were able to halt viral replication within the host cells.
The in vitro findings need to be confirmed in human clinical trials, but they are compelling in that they show that oil of oregano, alone and in combination with other essential oils, have unequivocal virucidal and virustatic effects. Both Oreganol P73 and Oregacillin are available from Physician's Strength (800-243-5242).
On March 13 I wrote an article “Why Oregano Oil” and that I bought a bottle for every one of the family of workers at Wiggy’s. Today Kok and Pum his wife was at the house for lunch. She made it and she is as fine a cook as there is for Cambodian food. Anyway, Kok told me he doesn’t like taking the oregano oil but does, my response was if it keeps you healthy do as I have, gotten used to it.
I went on the internet and did a search of asking if oil of oregano has been tested against the coronavirus, and if you have read the article that starts this article you are reading what I found. Before doing this research, I was at my local vitamin cottage store and bought more oregano oil and “oregano”.
I would like to buy stock in a company that actually makes the stuff. Why the government doesn’t start giving out bottles to one and all so one and all can take preventative measures so one and all can get on with their lives.
Of course, oregano oil is not made by any pharmaceutical company is it?
I do not know how far and wide my readership is but all else left aside that I have written, this is to important to keep a secret. Tell all of your friends and anyone who will listen. You can not in any manner hurt yourself by consuming oregano in any of its forms.
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